Removing a protein enhances defense against bacteria staphylococcus aureus in CGD mice

Main Category: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses
Also Included In: Immune System / Vaccines;  Blood / Hematology
Article Date: 05 Aug 2013 - 0:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Removing a protein enhances defense against bacteria staphylococcus aureus in CGD mice

Deletion of a protein in white blood cells improves their ability to fight the bacteria staphylococcus aureus and possibly other infections in mice with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), according to a National Institutes of Health study. CGD, a genetic disorder also found in people, is marked by recurrent, life-threatening infections. The study's findings appear online in The Journal of Clinical Investigation.

A team of researchers from NIH's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) compared three groups: CGD-afflicted mice with the protein Olfm4; CGD-afflicted mice in which the protein had been deleted, and healthy mice in which the protein had been deleted. Olfm4, also known as olfactomedin 4, is sometimes helpful in limiting tissue damage but can also hinder white blood cells' ability to kill bacteria.

The researchers found that the white blood cells in mice without the protein could better withstand staphylococcus aureus infection, a major threat to patients with CGD.

"Although treatment for CGD has greatly improved over the past several years, the disease remains challenging," said Dr. Wenli Liu, staff scientist and lead author. "Our research suggests a novel strategy that might pave the way toward developing new treatments to fight against common and often deadly infections."

The results also suggest another potential method to treat methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other drug-resistant bacteria in patients without CGD, used alongside other therapies. MRSA is a strain of bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics most often used to treat staph infections. Most commonly contracted in hospitals, MRSA represents a significant public health threat.

"Over the years, MRSA and other bacteria have evolved to be resistant to many antibiotics," said Griffin P. Rodgers, M.D., NIDDK director and study lead. "This study suggests an alternative approach to combat infection by strengthening white blood cell capabilities from within the cells, in addition to resorting to traditional antibiotic treatment."

The research group is now investigating how changing Olfm4 levels in human cells enhances immunity to and from a variety of drug-resistant bacteria. The findings may put researchers closer to developing drug treatment for people, possibly through development of an antibody or small molecule that could inhibit Olfm4 activity.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our infectious diseases / bacteria / viruses section for the latest news on this subject.

The study was supported by the Intramural Research Program at NIDDK. Administrative and technical support were provided by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, both part of NIH.

NIH/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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Removing temptation more effective than willpower

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Main Category: Psychology / Psychiatry
Also Included In: Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness
Article Date: 26 Jul 2013 - 3:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Removing temptation more effective than willpower

When trying to lose weight have you found yourself sneaking visits to the cookie jar despite a promise to yourself that this time it wouldn't happen? Well a new study suggests a better strategy is not having cookies in the house in the first place. Avoiding temptation appears to be more effective for self-control than willpower, especially for very impulsive people.

"Precommitment," defined as "the voluntary restriction of access to temptations," is a "more effective self-control strategy than willpower," say researchers, from the Universities of Cambridge in the UK and Dusseldorf in Germany, in a report published online this week in the journal Neuron.

Another example is saving for the future. Precommitment is locking your money away in a savings account with stiff withdrawal penalties, or cutting up the credit card. The study suggests this is likely to work better than promising yourself you won't touch the money in the regular bank account, or you won't use the credit card.

Lead author Molly Crockett, who worked on the study while at Cambridge and is now at University College London (UCL) told the press:

"Our research suggests that the most effective way to beat temptations is to avoid facing them in the first place."

The researchers compared the effectiveness of precommitment versus willpower in healthy male volunteers while using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) to examine the brain mechanisms involved.

They gave the volunteers a series of options where they had to choose between a "small reward" (a mildly enjoyable erotic image) that they could have straight away, or a "large reward" (extremely enjoyable erotic image) that they would have to wait for.

(This is reminiscent of the famous marshmallow experiment - one now, or two later? - that tested impulse control in preschoolers 40 years ago and was recently revisited by researchers from the University of Rochester in the US.)

The researchers chose to use erotic pictures as the rewards in this study because they are instantly rewarding at the time of viewing. Thus they could monitor what was happening in the volunteers' brains in real time.

Money, for example, was not an option, despite the strong effect it might have, because the reward is not instant, the volunteers would only be able to reap it when they left the lab.

For some of the choices the volunteers could have the small reward at any time and they had to resist it in order to opt for the larger reward, which would be on offer later.

For other choices, the volunteers had the option to precommit: if they did this they would not have the continuous temptation of the small reward being available while they waited for the larger one.

During these various experiments, the researchers monitored the volunteers' brain activity as they made their various decisions.

The results showed that the volunteers, especially the more impulsive ones, were more likely to get the larger reward when they used precommitment than when they used willpower (removing the temptation of the small reward altogether worked better than trying to resist it).

When they looked at the brain scans, the researchers found that frontopolar cortex, a brain region that is involved in thinking about the future, was active in precommitment decisions.

But what was also interesting was that when the frontopolar cortex was activated during precommitment, it communicated more with another brain region that is important for willpower, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Co-author Tobias Kalenscher, from the University of Dusseldorf, where he specializes in looking at the neural and mental underpinnings of choices, says the findings are exciting because they suggest there is a brain mechanism for precommitment.

Thinking about the future appears to engage a region that is already connected with a region essential for willpower, and perhaps this is what guides behavior toward precommitment.

The researchers hope their discoveries open the door for future studies to better understand why we succeed and fail in self-control.

Meanwhile, leave the credit card at home and wheel your supermarket trolley straight past that cookie aisle...

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD

Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today Visit our psychology / psychiatry section for the latest news on this subject. "Restricting Temptations: Neural Mechanisms of Precommitment"; Molly J. Crockett, Barbara R. Braams, Luke Clark, Philippe N. Tobler, Trevor W. Robbins, Tobias Kalenscher; Neuron published online 24 July 2013 (Vol. 79, Issue 2, pp. 391-401); DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.028; Link to Abstract. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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Paddock, Catharine. "Removing temptation more effective than willpower." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 26 Jul. 2013. Web.
29 Jul. 2013. APA

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'Removing temptation more effective than willpower'

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