Showing posts with label still. Show all posts
Showing posts with label still. Show all posts

Saturday, 21 September 2013

Despite MAGE-A3 Failure, William Blair And Maxim Analysts Are Still Bullish On Agenus

Agenus Inc (AGEN): Despite MAGE-A3 Failure, William Blair And Maxim Analysts Are Still Bullish On Agenus - Seeking Alpha (function(_,e,rr,s){_errs=[s];var c=_.onerror;_.onerror=function(){var a=arguments;_errs.push(a); c&&c.apply(this,a)};var b=function(){var c=e.createElement(rr),b=e.getElementsByTagName(rr)[0]; c.src="//beacon.errorception.com/"+s+".js";c.async=!0;b.parentNode.insertBefore(c,b)}; _.addEventListener?_.addEventListener("load",b,!1):_.attachEvent("onload",b)}) (window,document,"script","4ffae9d6f05d1da630000008"); if (SA.Data && SA.Data.Cache) { var adata = SA.Data.Cache.get('campaign_content'); }.market_currents_list li .ticker_date_left .mc_list_tickers a{font-weight: normal} var ms_slug = ''; var article_dashboards = '@investing-ideas@sectors@'; var article_sectors_themes = '@long-ideas@us@biotechnology@healthcare@article@'; var ratings_hash={}; var ARTICLE_ID = 1676012; var ARTICLE_TYPE = "standard"; var ARTICLE_LOCK = ""; var author_slug = "ben-yoffe"; var pticker_for_ads = "agen"; var time_left; var lock_comments = false; var machine_cookie = readCookie('machine_cookie'); var middle_version = ABTest.identity%10; try { window.sessionStorage.setItem("/article/"+ARTICLE_ID, '1'); } catch (error) {}var mone_article_tags = "{gsk,agen};;;{healthcare};;;{long-ideas,us,biotechnology,investing-ideas,sa-exclusive};;;{ben-yoffe}"var ord = Math.floor(Math.random()*1000000000);Seeking Alpha Seeking Alpha Portfolio App for iPad Finance (1) var ipadData; SeekingAlpha.Initializer.AddAfterLoad(function(){ if (SA.Utils.Env.isIPad && !/3/.test(SA.Data.Cookies.get("user_devices"))){ Mone.event("ipad_promotion_top","top_ipad_banner_large","ipad_promotion_displayed"); ipadData = new SA.Data.iPad(); ipadData.instanceName = "ipadData"; var responseHandler = new Object(); responseHandler.handleResponse = function(data){ if (!data.averageUserRating) return; var stars = data.averageUserRating Home | Portfolio | Market Currents | Investing Ideas | Dividends & Income | ETFs | Macro View | ALERTS | PRO   This article was sent to 1,203 people who get email alerts on  . Which cover: new articles | breaking news | earnings results | dividend announcements Get email alerts on   » This article was sent to 338,826 people who get the Investing Ideas newsletter. Get the Investing Ideas newsletter » Despite MAGE-A3 Failure, William Blair And Maxim Analysts Are Still Bullish On Agenus Sep 5 2013, 14:35 by: Ben Yoffe  |  about: AGEN, includes: GSK BOOKMARKED / READ LATER Bookmarked

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Early this morning, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) reported negative top-line results from its Phase III DERMA trial with its MAGE-A3 vaccine in melanoma. The Phase III trial was designed to assess disease-free survival in GlaxoSmithKline's MAGE-A3 vaccine versus placebo in roughly 1,300 stage IIIb/c melanoma patients. Agenus' (AGEN) QS-21 adjuvant is a central component of the vaccine and is being studied in 18 other investigational vaccines through a partnership with GlaxoSmithKline. While the MAGE-A3 vaccine has failed in melanoma, the trial continues and data from a subpopulation is expected in 2015.

Despite the vaccine not meeting the primary endpoint, no major safety signals have been observed thus far, which is being viewed by William Blair analysts as a positive sign for Agenus given that GlaxoSmithKline has 18 other ongoing programs containing Agenus' QS-21 adjuvant. Therefore, today's news, while disappointing, does not diminish the enthusiasm for the partnership with GlaxoSmithKline. Moreover, Agenus has no cost associated with the partnership with GlaxoSmithKline, thereby limiting the downside risk to the company.

The analysts point out that despite the failure in melanoma, they do not believe it is prudent to read through to the other programs, and they remain encouraged about the trials in non-small cell lung cancer and shingles. They believe that the Phase III MAGRIT trial with the MAGE-A3 vaccine in non-small-cell lung cancer is the most attractive of the late-stage programs. Therefore, they reiterated their Outperform rating on Agenus shares in a research report sent to investors this morning.

There are three major reasons for continued enthusiasm: First, the Phase II trial data were encouraging, with a trend demonstrated between the MAGE-A3 vaccine and the control arm. Second, the Phase III trial is the largest of its kind in non-small-cell lung cancer, which gives confidence that the trial is powered to determine the effect of the drug. Third, a more potent vaccine is being used in the Phase III trial than the one in the Phase II trial that produced encouraging results. The top-line results are expected in the first half of 2014, and GlaxoSmithKline will pay Agenus a low-single-digit royalty on worldwide commercial sales.

Additionally, Maxim analyst Jason Kolbert believes that today's drop is an overreaction and gives us four reasons:

1. The study did not meet disease free survival endpoint in these advanced melanoma patients (3B/3C) but melanoma is not lung cancer and the lung cancer patients are earlier stage (1B-3A). These cancers have drastically different times to relapse with melanoma being faster than lung cancer (9 months vs. 3 years). Immune-therapy may need time to work, time that melanoma patients just don't have. So it's erroneous to assume that QS21 is a failure yet, just because advanced melanoma patients did not broadly benefit, i.e. this does not mean that QS-21 does not work in earlier stage lung cancer patients or gene signature sub-group or patients.

2. Gene Signature is also a primary endpoint and has yet to report. Gene signature patients (those patients who may be more likely to benefit from immune therapy) were pre-specified as a sub-group with a co-primary endpoint. This group has not yet reported and the trial is still ongoing in these patients, i.e. this group may still benefit from QS-21.

3. Both cancer trials, do not necessarily portend negative results in herpes or Malaria trials, again, different disease, different patients, and very different immune systems.

4. The real upside to the Agenus story was never QS-21, it's Glioblastoma.

Conclusion:

Agenus has a number of upcoming catalysts, each of which could have a meaningful impact on the stock given current price levels. In addition to the collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline, Agenus has two wholly owned programs that are making significant clinical progress. The herpes program consists of an immunotherapeutic vaccine designed to suppress the virus in infected patients. A Phase II trial is underway and results are expected in the fourth quarter. The brain cancer program consists of two immunotherapeutic vaccines designed to target cancer cells in newly diagnosed and recurrent patients. A potentially registration enabling trial with G-200 in recurrent brain cancer recently initiated, and top-line results may be possible as early as 2015. The non-small cell lung cancer and shingles trials in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline will read out in 2014. If any of these trials are positive, the stock could reverse from current levels.

Source: Despite MAGE-A3 Failure, William Blair And Maxim Analysts Are Still Bullish On Agenus

Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article. (More...)

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Monday, 9 September 2013

Herbalife Still Ascending Mount Everest - Look Out Below

The jury may still be out on whether or not Herbalife (HLF) is a pyramid scheme. Investors have placed their bets. Since the end of 2012 when Pershing Square revealed their allegation that HLF is a pyramid scheme much has changed and much has not.

This article offers a summary of some of the changes and some of the tactics that have been employed by the company in defence of the attack on its credibility.

At the end of 2012 Herbalife distributed its products in 88 countries through 3.2 million distributors. In the first two quarters of 2013 the company's distributors recruited another 1.076 million new distributors.

At the end of Q2 the company had 3.4 million distributors for a net gain of 200,000 distributors. Stated a different way, 876,000 distributors resigned from Herbalife in the first half of 2013. Herbalife has not entered any new countries since the start of the year.

The company's Book Value was $421 million at the end of 2012. The Book Value at the end of Q2 is $434 million. Herbalife is not a company that retains its earnings.

Where does the cash go?

Herbalife has generated in excess of $500 million of free cashflow on a trailing twelve month basis.

Herbalife's share count has dropped from 118 million shares to 107 million shares. The company repurchased $162.4 million worth of stock in Q1. This repurchase activity occurred on the heels of over $500 million worth of buybacks in 2012. Herbalife has a $1 billion repurchase program of which $787 million remains outstanding. Share repurchases have been suspended until the company's new auditor can sign-off on its historical financials.

The company also pays a dividend of 30 cents per share per quarter. Cash used to pay dividends has actually declined YOY due to the reduced share count.

The company also has capital expenditures of $60 million plus YTD. Last year the company spent $122 million on capital expenditures.

Has the Balance Sheet changed?

Even as Net Worth has not changed the following accounts have experienced material change since the end of 2012.

Long-Term Debt has increased from $431 million to $894 million. The company borrowed money to accelerate its share buybacks.

Cash on hand has also ballooned from $334 million to $850 million. This liquidity surplus becomes a powder keg for additional share repurchases once the audit trail is cleaned up. Alternatively balance sheet leverage could be reduced or dividends could be increased.

At today's Market Price of $64 per share Herbalife could retire 7.8 million shares with an additional $500 million worth of share repurchases. If the company were more aggressive in the debt markets, the company could theoretically retire an additional 10-15% of its float.

Hedge fund managers have taken the opposite side of Pershing Square. The combinant forces of Carl Icahn, Soros and Stiritz now own over 25% of the company. Icahn's 17% has a lock-up agreement in place until February of 2014. The incoming free cashflow, surplus liquidity and Pershing Square's 30 million share short position effectively act as a headlock (or is it a Full Nelson?) around the shorts/buoy the longs. With 25% of the shares in friendly hands and the company using most of its cashflow/leverage to repurchase shares, the avenues of escape for the shorts seem limited.

Or do they?

In order for the short thesis to pay off one of two things has to occur.

a) Herbalife's business fundamentals need to deteriorate.

b) Regulators need to intervene

As has been pointed out many times before, Herbalife's business model relies upon velocity. Specifically, the company must be successful recruiting new participants due to the annual exodus/short lifetime value of its existing customer base. To date, the HLF recruiting juggernaut has masked the churn inherent in the business model because it recruits more people annually than those who resign. However, it is apparent to anyone with a rudimentary understanding of mathematics that the more successful Herbalife is today, the more successful it needs to become tomorrow in order to continue to grow. Today's recruits become next year's resignations. If HLF recruits 2 million new distributors this year it must also find 2 million new recruits next year for the top-line to stay positive.

Already, HLF is teetering on the brink of net distributor attrition. From Q1 to Q2 the company actually saw its distributor base contract by 200,000 people. Whether or not this trend continues remains to be seen, but the toughest part of Mount Everest to climb is the last 1,000 feet. Most climbers actually die on the way back down from the summit. Once Herbalife's recruiting metrics turn negative, what will happen to the valuation of the equity? Will a 10 P/E become a stretch? Can management ethically continue to buy-back shares in the face of a shrinking customer base?

As for regulatory intervention, it strikes me that this outcome is analogous to a game of Russian Roulette. If you are long Herbalife you are speculating that regulators will not intervene. However, even if there is only one bullet in the chamber of the revolver - that bullet can kill you. The history of regulatory intervention in the U.S.A. is the confiscation of all of the company's assets and the immediate seizure of the operations in the event an investigation finds the enterprise to be a pyramid scheme. Under this scenario, HLF likely becomes a $0.

So - What's Next?

If you believe that HLF is a legitimate enterprise it becomes obvious that everything the management of the company is doing seems entirely rational. They are buying back shares at a discount to the market's multiple, they continue to pay dividends, they are borrowing money at an inexpensive rate to acquire equity in themselves at a high free cashflow yield. They believe in themselves. Ostensibly, it all looks good. Add-in the additional gravitas provided by Mr. Icahn and Mr. Stiritz and Mr. Soros and the short side of the trade still looks curious - at least on a near-term basis.

However, lurking in the wings if you are long remain the following untold stories:

What will the SEC conclude from its own objective investigation?

What will the FTC conclude from an equally arm's length review?

What will States AG's conclude?

What about the class action lawsuits?

And finally, where will the next 2 million plus new distributors the company needs to find come from? In 2012 & 2013 trend data HLF has signed-up over 4 million new distributors. Can they repeat this effort ad infinitum? Doubtful.

Pershing Square has been squeezed to be sure. The last 9 months have been painful on a mark to market basis. The market cap of HLF has more than doubled since the end of 2012. There are some reputable foes on the long side of the table.

Of course if the business model deteriorates and/or the regulators step-in, all of the share buybacks the company has done over the past 3 years will end-up a total waste of capital. Also, the balance sheet that is more levered today than it was when Mr. Ackman revealed his short position becomes a tailwind for shorts if the company's recruiting efforts start to slide into negative comps.

Lenders may also start to get antsy as the company has no real hard assets to offer as collateral.

Within a year investors will likely learn whether or not regulators find HLF's compensation scheme to be a pyramid scheme or endless chain.

Equally so, we will likely find out if the recruiting juggernaut continues to slip off the rails or not. Will "Pop & Drop" finally hit the mothership?

What is for certain is that both Mr. Ackman and Mr. Icahn will likely be along for the ride until at least February of 2014.

Will HLF be private by then?

Who knows?

I remain convinced that HLF is:

a) an Unsustainable business model and

b) an endless chain that victimizes unsophisticated individuals with an entrepreneurial dream.

At a market cap of $6.6 billion and Free cashflow of say $550 million you are getting a FCF yield of 8.3% on HLF equity v. 2.9% on a ten year treasury. The latter seems money good. As for the former?

At $64 a share the long bet seems increasingly perilous.

Disclosure: I am short HLF. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article. (More...)


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Monday, 19 August 2013

Have dark skin? You still need sunscreen

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e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics.

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If you have dark skin, you may not burn as easily as your fair-skinned friends. You're not off the hook, though. If you spend time outdoors during daylight hours, you need to use sunscreen. Regardless of skin type, the sun's energy penetrates deeply into the skin. This damage may ultimately lead to skin cancer.

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Thursday, 15 August 2013

'Safe' levels of sugar can still be harmful to your health

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Main Category: Nutrition / Diet
Also Included In: Public Health
Article Date: 14 Aug 2013 - 10:00 PDT Current ratings for:
'Safe' levels of sugar can still be harmful to your health
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Consuming the equivalent of three cans of soda on a daily basis, or a 25% increased added-sugar intake, may decrease lifespan and reduce the rate of reproduction, according to a study of mice published in the journal Nature Communications.

Researchers from the University of Utah conducted a toxicity experiment on 156 mice, of which 58 were male and 98 were female.

The experiment involved placing them in room-sized pens called "mouse barns" with a number of nest boxes. The researchers say this allowed the mice to move around naturally to find mates and explore the territories they wished.

The mice were fed a diet of a nutritious wheat-corn-soybean mix with vitamins and minerals. But one group of mice had 25% more sugar mixed with their food - half fructose and half glucose. Mice in a control group were fed corn starch in place of the added sugars.

The National Research Council recommends that people should have no more than 25% of their daily calories from foods and beverages with added sugar.

Cans of soda drink
This study in mice suggests that consuming the equivalent of three extra sodas a day could decrease your length of life.

This is the equivalent of consuming three cans of sweetened soda a day alongside a healthy, no-added-sugar diet.

However, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a report this year revealing that around 13% of Americans' total daily calorie intake is from added-sugar sources.

Results of this most recent research showed that after 32 weeks in the mouse barns, 35% of the female mice who were fed the added-sugar foods died, compared with 17% of female mice fed the no-added-sugar diet.

Additionally, the results showed that male mice fed the added-sugar diet held 26% less territory compared with male mice who were fed the no-added-sugar diet.

The research also showed that male mice on the sugar diet produced 25% fewer offspring compared with the male mice in the control group.

However, the results reported no difference between the mice fed the healthy diet and those fed the added-sugar diet when looking at obesity, fasting insulin levels, fasting glucose levels and fasting triglyceride levels.

The study authors say of the findings:

"Our results provide evidence that added sugar consumed at concentrations currently considered safe exerts dramatic adverse impacts on mammalian health.

This demonstrates the adverse effects of added sugars at human-relevant levels."

The researchers add that the strength of this study is built on how the mice were tested in a natural environment they are accustomed to, providing more accurate results.

Wayne Potts, professor of biology at the University of Utah and the study's senior author, says:

"Mice happen to be an excellent mammal to model human dietary issues because they have been living on the same diet as we have ever since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago."

There are many types of sugars added to food and beverages, particularly sweets, chocolate, sodas and some juice drinks. These may be listed in the forms of:

GlucoseSucroseMaltoseCorn SyrupHoneyHydrolyzed starchInvert sugarFructose.

The study's authors say that this research shows there is a need for "human-made toxic substances," like those listed above, to be assessed.

They say that "the need is particularly strong for pharmaceutical science, where 73% of drugs that pass pre-clinical trials fail due to safety concerns, and for toxicology, where shockingly few compounds receive critical or long-term toxicity testing."

Prof. Potts adds:

"Our test shows an adverse outcome from the added sugar diet that could not be detected by conventional tests. You have to ask why we did not discover them 20 years ago."

"The answer is that until now, we have not had a functional, broad and sensitive test to screen the potential toxic substances that are being released into the environment or in our drugs or our food supply."

Written by Honor Whiteman


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posted by sakara on 14 Aug 2013 at 1:05 pm

So far, so good for me, in my 50s, and occasionally drink a whole 2 liters of soda in one day.

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Stroke declines dramatically, still higher in Mexican Americans

Main Category: Stroke
Article Date: 14 Aug 2013 - 0:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Stroke declines dramatically, still higher in Mexican Americans
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A new study reports that the incidence of ischemic stroke - the most common type of stroke, caused by a clot in the blood vessels of the brain - among non-Hispanic Whites and Mexican Americans over age 60 has declined over the past decade. Most concerning, however, is that the increased relative burden of stroke comparing Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites has not changed at all in the last decade. Overall, Mexican Americans suffer much more, 34%, from this disease than non-Hispanic Whites. Findings are published in Annals of Neurology, a journal of the American Neurological Association and Child Neurology Society.

Hispanic/Latinos are now the largest minority group in the U.S. at 17% of the population, which is projected to increase to more than 30% by 2050, according to estimates from the January 2013 U.S. Census. Previous research found that Mexican Americans had higher stroke rates than non-Hispanic Whites and as this population ages it raises concern for the impact on public health. In fact, experts estimate that the cost of stroke for the first half of this century in the U.S. could amount to more than $1.5 trillion dollars.

"In minority groups stroke occurs at much younger ages, often resulting in greater disability and significantly higher costs," explains lead author, Dr. Lewis B. Morgenstern from the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor. "With stroke causing such a personal, family and economic burden in minorities, our study focuses on Mexican Americans - one of the largest and fastest growing segments of the U.S. population."

For the present study, researchers conducted a population-based study of stroke trends in subjects 45 years of age and older living in Corpus Christi, Texas, between January 2000 and December 2010. Two-thirds of this community were Mexican American and the remainder primarily non-Hispanic White, with 87% born in the U.S., 11% in Mexico, and 1% who did not know their country of birth. Those born in Mexico have lived in the U.S. an average of 52 years.

Results show ischemic stroke occurred in 2,604 Mexican Americans and 2,042 non-Hispanic Whites, representing a 36% decline for the study period. Analysis found that the decline was limited to those 60 years of age and over and was evident in both ethnic populations. The disparity between Mexican American and non-Hispanic White stroke rates in those 45-74 years of age remained.

"The dramatic decline in stroke rates during the last decade is encouraging," concludes Dr. Morgenstern. "However, the ongoing disparity among younger patients emphasizes the need for further interventions to prevent stroke, particularly among young Mexican Americans."

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our stroke section for the latest news on this subject.

Persistent Ischemic Stroke Incidence Disparities in Mexican Americans

Annals of Neurology; Published online: August 13, 2013 (DOI:10.1002/ana.23972).

Lewis B. Morgenstern, Melinda A. Smith, Brisa N. Sanchez, Devin L. Brown, Darin B. Zahuranec, Nelda Garcia, Kevin A. Kerber, Lesli E. Skolarus, William J Meurer James F Burke, Eric E. Adelman, Jonggyu Baek and Lynda D. Lisabeth.

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Thursday, 1 August 2013

How do you know that something you cannot see is still present?

Main Category: Psychology / Psychiatry
Article Date: 31 Jul 2013 - 0:00 PDT Current ratings for:
How do you know that something you cannot see is still present?
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How do you know that the cookies are still there although they have been placed out of your sight into the drawer? How do you know when and where a car that has driven into a tunnel will reappear? The ability to represent and to track the trajectory of objects, which are temporally out of sight, is highly important in many aspects but is also cognitively demanding. Alice Auersperg and her team from the University of Vienna and Oxford show that "object permanence" abilities in a cockatoo levels apes and four year old human toddlers. The researchers published their findings in the journal Journal of Comparative Psychology.

For investigating spatial memory and tracking in animals and human infants a number of setups have been habitually used. These can roughly be subdivided depending on what is being moved: a desired object (food reward), the hiding places for this object or the test animal itself: In the original invisible displacement tasks, designed by French psychologist Jean Piaget in the 50s, the reward is moved underneath a small cup behind one or more bigger screens and its contents is shown in between visits: if the cup is empty we know that the reward must be behind the last screen visited. Humans solve this task after about two years of age, whereas in primates only the great apes show convincing results.

Likely to be even more challenging in terms of attention, are "Transposition" tasks: the reward is hidden underneath one of several equal cups, which are interchanged one or more times. Human children struggle with this task type more than with the previous and do not solve it reliably before the age of three to four years whereas adult apes solve it but have more trouble with double than single swaps.

In "Rotation" tasks several equal cups, one bearing a reward are aligned in parallel on a rotatable platform, which is rotated at different angles. "Translocation" tasks are similar except that the cups are not rotated but the test animal is carried around the arrangement and released at different angles to the cup alignment. Children find Translocation tasks easier than Rotation tasks and solve them at two to three years of age.

A team of international Scientists tested eight Goffin cockatoos (Cacatua goffini), a conspicuously inquisitive and playful species on visible as well as invisible Piagetian object displacements and derivations of spatial transposition, rotation and translocation tasks. Birgit Szabo, one of the experimenters from the University of Vienna, says: "The majority of our eight birds readily and spontaneously solved Transposition, Rotation and Translocation tasks whereas only two out of eight choose immediately and reliably the correct location in the original Piagetian invisible displacement task in which a smaller cup is visiting two of three bigger screens". Alice Auersperg, the manager of the Goffin Lab who was also one of the experimenters, explains: "Interestingly and just opposite to human toddlers our cockatoos had more problems solving the Piagetian invisible displacements than the transposition task with which children struggle until the age of four. Transpositions are highly demanding in terms of attention since two occluding objects are moved simultaneously. Nevertheless, in contrast to apes, which find single swaps easier than double the cockatoos perform equally in both conditions".

Similarly, Goffins had little complications with Rotations and Translocation tasks and some of them solved them at four different angles. Again, in contrast to children, which find Translocations easier than Rotations, the cockatoos showed no significant differences between the two tasks. Auguste von Bayern from the University of Oxford adds: " We assume that the ability to fly and prey upon or being preyed upon from the air is likely to require pronounced spatial rotation abilities and may be a candidate trait influencing the animals' performance in rotation and translocation tasks".

Thomas Bugnayer from the University of Vienna concludes: "Finding that Goffins solve transposition, rotation and translocation tasks, which are likely to pose a large cognitive load on working memory, was surprising and calls for more comparative data in order to better understand the relevance of such accurate tracking abilities in terms of ecology and sociality".

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
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Object Permanence in the Goffin Cockatoo (Cacatua goffini).

By Auersperg, Alice M. I.; Szabo, Birgit; von Bayern, Auguste M. P.; Bugnyar, Thomas

Journal of Comparative Psychology, Jul 22 , 2013, No Pagination Specified. doi: 10.1037/a0033272

Abstract: The ability to represent hidden objects plays an important role in the survival of many species. In order to provide an inclusive synopsis of the current benchmark tasks used to test object permanence in animals for a psittacine representative, we tested eight Goffin cockatoos (Cacatua goffini) on Stages 3–6 of Piagetian object permanence as well as derivations of spatial transposition, rotation, and translocation tasks. Subjects instantly solved visible displacement 3b and 4a but showed an extended plateau for solving Stage 5a at a very late age (10 months). Subjects readily solved most invisible displacement tasks including double hidings and four angles (90°, 180°, 270°, and 360°) of rotation and translocations at high performance levels, although Piagetian Stage 6 invisible displacement tasks caused more difficulties for the animals than transposition, rotations, and translocation tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)

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