Showing posts with label growth. Show all posts
Showing posts with label growth. Show all posts

Saturday, 21 September 2013

Bacterin: New CEO Positions Company For Growth

(Editors' Note: This article covers a micro-cap stock. Please be aware of the risks associated with these stocks.)

Summary and Recommendation

We reiterate our positive outlook on Bacterin International Holdings, Inc. (NYSE MKT: BONE) shares given the company's recent hiring of new CEO and its recalibration of its sales team to focus on its core business in the approximately $1.6 billion bone replacement market and the growing, $400 million breast reconstruction market in regenerative medicine.

For the complete report including models and tables, please contact: research@thecockrellgroup.com

Bacterin is one of the most comprehensive biologics companies of its size in regenerative medicine. The company's new CEO, Dan Goldberger, held an investor call last week to discuss his current review of the business and provided a summary of his strategic position of the business going forward. After the call, we are more confident that management will be laser-focused on developing the biologics markets with bone grafts and dermal matrix products.

Over the past 12 months, the company has been wrought with negative headlines; the receipt of warning letters from the FDA, a subpoena from the OIG and the resignation of founder and CEO Guy Cook. The sequence of these headlines have left shareholders concerned about the sustainability of its business and as a result shares of the company have traded at all time lows.

Despite those concerns, Bacterin's interim management team lead by CFO John Gandolfo and COO Darrel Holmes focused working diligently to resolve its matters with the FDA and OIG. They also raised approximately $5 million in capital, which management believes will be suitable to steer the business towards profitability.

Now, a Commercially Focused CEO

Mr. Goldberger should be a refreshing solution that will reinvigorate the sales force to drive growth. He has a history of turning around and growing revenues in companies with similar characteristics as BONE. In his most recent position, the Stanford and MIT educated executive transitioned lackluster growth at Sound Surgical Technologies into a growth business. He procured financing opportunities for the company that allowed it to deliver double digit, top-line growth with improved gross margins. This transformation eventually positioned Sound Surgical to be acquired by Solta Medical.

A Renewed Focus

Bacterin has developed a comprehensive portfolio of regenerative products. During his inaugural call with investors, Mr. Goldberger mentioned that the Company will continue to increase its penetration of the bone replacement market with its core business products in bone grafting. He also, however, indicated that the Company will leverage the value of its dermal tissue scaffold in breast reconstruction, hMatrixPR. This would represent a new growth opportunity for Bacterin. The Company estimates that the dermal tissue market in breast reconstruction represents a $400 million market opportunity. The dermal tissue market is primarily dominated by Alloderm, the LifeCell product owned by Kinetic Concepts.

Essentially, there are two types of breast reconstruction, implants and autologous. Previously, in autologous breast reconstruction, fat, tissue and muscles were harvested from another part of the body, creating irreparable damage. With cadaveric tissue harvestation, that problem has been solved with products like Bacterin's hMatrixPR. In this process, skin from the donor is treated by removing epidermal layers and cellular components, creating an acellular dermal matrix. The product is then sterilized and packaged. Dermal matrices are used as a scaffold under the lower part of the breast to enable normal body cells to grow.

One major problem with this technology had been that chemical agents used to sterilize the product, could lead to post-surgery infection. There was a 15% higher chance of infection and 10% chance of fluid collection, despite efforts by the surgeon to create a sterile atmosphere by proper drainage, hydration and hemostasis.

Bacterin solves this problem by avoiding the use of chemical agents. Instead, it uses a small dose of gamma radiation to sterilize the product. This process helps the product become more useful, since their integration with the host is considered much superior to other allografts.

hMatrixPR Acellular Dermis was commercially launched 2 years ago for various reconstructive surgery procedures. It is extremely biocompatible, reabsorbing into the patient's own tissue in the healing process. Although Bacterin originally focused on the broader dermal tissue market,a shift has occurred to focus on breast reconstruction. With the increasing demand for this type of surgery, the opportunity for the company to penetrate this market looks good. This is also augmented by the following facts:

the CEO has strong relationships with plastic surgeons via his previous role at Sound Surgical,opportunity to convert surgeons that are on the fence with Alloderm, andhigh barriers-to-entry in the dermal allograft market, including complex technology and quality, consistent products

Regenerative Medicine: Growing Market Opportunity

The regenerative medicine market is an estimated $3.6 billion opportunity, which is growing at a ~15% CAGR. The market is shared between the developed and the developing countries, where there is a large, unmet need. It is in this geography that there is opportunity for sustainable long term growth. However, the allure of newly-discovered geography should not let BONE lose focus on the developed economies. This is the market that will create immediate sustenance for this growing company.

BONE: Undervalued Relative to Peers

As shown in Table 1, BONE currently trades at 1.0 times EV/2014 Sales, which is a 79% discount to its peers that trade at an average 4.7 times sales. A little execution from management and top-line growth will catapult BONE shares to historic levels. Bacterin is evenly placed among peers, neither overachieving nor being at the end of the class. This is, in fact, a sign of steady growth.

In first quarter 2013, total revenues increased by 11% to $8.6 million compared to $7.8 million in the same period last year. The increase was due to the additional sales of $1.3 million which resulted from a new agreement with a large U.S. distributor during the first quarter of 2013. Adjusted operating loss was $1.06 million compared to $0.54 million in first quarter 2012. The company is yet to report positive earnings. The company uses most of its cash to support its operations and depends on external financing. As of March 31, 2013, cash balance was $2.1 million compared to $4.9 million in December 31, 2012.

Risk resolution

According to the Mr. Goldberger, his checks in the field have determined that customers "love" Bacterin products. and he enumerated a five-point plan in during the call which aims to ensure that the Company leverages this attribute:

Resolving channel conflicts in core U.S. markets.Continuing to deliver world class service through field sales activities and customer service organizations. The Company currently has 20 direct sales reps and more than 100 distributors detailing Bacterin products in the United States.Resolve product mix issues that have resulted in shortages on the one hand and excess inventory on the other.Continue to work with our GPO relationships and drive those into new business, andDriving adoption in the health systems where the Company has obtained preferred vendor states, and then use that as a model in new relationships elsewhere.

Longer term, Mr. Goldberger believes he can grow the bone scaffold franchise in spine and ortho and that the business can be scaled effectively.

Backing up what he says

In recent weeks since his hiring, Bacterin has seen significant insider buying activity from Mr. Goldberger, which is always a good sign and suggests that he is confident about the company's prospects.

Conclusion

Bacterin has a highly viable set of products which has created a niche demand segment for itself. We have enumerated some of its problems here, but we believe all these are short term problems that are easily addressable by this strong management team. The arrival of a Mr. Goldberger as the Company's CEO and his track record of turning around companies like Bacterin, present a renewed focus for the business and a solid, near-term opportunity for healthcare investors.

Table 1: Peer Group Analysis

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Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. (More...)

Business relationship disclosure: For the complete report including models & tables, please contact: research@thecockrellgroup.com. COCKRELL GROUP does and seeks to do business with companies covered in COCKRELL GROUP Research. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of COCKRELL GROUP Research. Investors should consider COCKRELL GROUP Research as only a single factor in making their investment decision.CertificationThe following analysts hereby certify that their views about the companies and their securities discussed in this report are accurately expressed and that they have not received and will not receive direct or indirect compensation in exchange for expressing specific recommendations or views in this report.Unless otherwise stated, the individuals listed on the cover page of this report are research analysts

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Zoetis: Finding Long-Term Growth In Pfizer's Spin-Off

Over the last few years, the pharmaceutical industry has been defined by a significant number of big mergers and acquisitions. This has occurred as major pharma companies continue to seek mid-to-late stage pipeline candidates that hold much potential. Rather than allocating a large amount of capital and time to develop these products from scratch, these companies have sought to take advantage of their growing cash reserves.

Yet coinciding with this trend is the complementary desire to stay disciplined and focused. The divestment of non-core businesses by the pharma sector has also been a growing trend. Recently, AstraZeneca (AZN) sold its Astra Tech business to DENTSPLY. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) divested certain non-core assets from its Consumer Healthcare segment. Even Abbott Labs (ABT) found it ideal to split into two separate publicly traded companies, one which is focused on research-based pharmaceuticals.

Yet through these divestitures, some interesting investment opportunities have come about. Early this year, Pfizer (PFE) spun off its animal health unit in a $2.2 billion initial public offering of Zoetis (ZTS). The offering exceeded expectations by pricing the stock at $26 per share, above an expected price range of $22 to $25 per share. Now listed as a separate public entity, Zoetis exists as the world's largest independent company solely focused on animal health.

Zoetis is dedicated to the discovery, development, manufacture and commercialization of animal health medicines and vaccines for livestock and companion animals around the world. The company sits squarely between two growing trends as incomes continue to rise in developing regions of the world. Both livestock production and the rate of pet ownership continue to increase in response to rising standards of living. Consequently, animal health medicines and vaccines continue to be needed in greater volumes.


(Click to enlarge)

This rising demand for animal health medicines and vaccines stands to positively affect Zoetis. Through 2004-2011, one out of every four FDA animal health medicine approvals was awarded to Zoetis products. Likewise, one out of every five USDA animal health vaccines was awarded to Zoetis products over the same time period.

In 2012, the company generated $4.3 billion in annual revenue. Of this figure, 65% was derived from farm animal products and 35% came from companion animal products. According to Vetnosis, a research and consulting firm specializing in global animal health and veterinary medicine, the animal medicines and vaccines sector is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.7% per year.

At $32.37, Zoetis now trades at a market capitalization of $16.18 as of September 20. The company carries a forward price-to-earnings ratio of 20.09 based on analyst earnings estimates of $1.61 for 2014. Yet at the same time, Zoetis trades with a modest PEG Ratio of 1.40 suggesting the company's price remains in line with expected growth. Nevertheless, Zoetis clearly trades with a hefty premium. The company carries a price-to-book ratio of 20.32 and a price-to-sales ratio of 3.70.

Zoetis remains healthy from a financial point of view. The company remains well capitalized and supports a safe current ratio of 2.33. Above all, the company continues to generate a significant amount of value. Over the last two years, the former division of Pfizer generated an average of $476 million in cash flow from operating activities.

As a spin-off of Pfizer, Zoetis is likely to hold a less volatile investment audience. Shareholders of Pfizer were given 0.9898 shares of Zoetis for every share of Pfizer common stock exchanged. This roughly put 405 million shares of the company's 500 million shares outstanding into the hands of an established investment base.

Additionally, from the offset it was clear that insiders endorsed the establishment of the new company. At the IPO price of $26, 13 directors and officers subscribed to an additional 42,500 shares valued at $1,105,000. Most recently, company director Michael McCallister purchased an additional 7,000 shares in an open market transaction valued at $219,461 according to the Form 4 found here. Since the creation of the public company, no insiders have sold shares in Zoetis.

Conclusion

The spin-off of Pfizer's animal health unit has opened a new pure play opportunity for investors looking to diversify into a growing sector of the global economy. Zoetis remains a profitable entity located between two long-term growth trends found in animal livestock production and pet ownership.

However, at its current price, it remains difficult to believe that Zoetis is undervalued. Despite a high-end IPO price at $26, the company now trades roughly 25% higher less than a year later. At the same time, the animal medicines and vaccines is only anticipated to grow 5.7% annually.

Altogether, Zoetis remains a leading company in a specialized field experiencing steady growth. The company clearly trades with a premium but likely retains a stable investment base having been spun off to Pfizer's shareholders. For investors looking to diversify their portfolios, Zoetis offers exposure into two long-term growth trends. The company remains a public leader in a rather unique field within the pharmaceutical industry.

Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article. (More...)


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Thursday, 15 August 2013

Researchers map a new metabolic pathway that controls mTORC1 activation which is involved in cell growth

Main Category: Biology / Biochemistry
Also Included In: Cancer / Oncology;  Diabetes
Article Date: 05 Aug 2013 - 1:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Researchers map a new metabolic pathway that controls mTORC1 activation which is involved in cell growth
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Deciphering the body's complex molecular pathways that lead to disease when they malfunction is highly challenging. Researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute now have a more complete picture of one particular pathway that can lead to cancer and diabetes. In the study published by Molecular Cell, the scientists uncovered how a protein called p62 has a cascade affect in regulating cell growth in response to the presence of nutrients such as amino acids and glucose. Disrupting this chain may offer a new approach to treating disease.

The protein p62 interacts with another protein called TRAF6 to activate a protein complex called mTORC1. In fact, researchers have found that mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, is highly activated in cancer cells. The pathway that controls mTORC1 activation is also important for metabolic homeostasis (i.e., stability). When the pathway malfunctions, metabolic disorders such as diabetes can result and tumors can progress.

About a year ago, Maria Diaz-Meco, Ph.D., Jorge Moscat, Ph.D., and their colleagues had identified that p62 is an important player in this complex pathway. But they didn't know how. Their new study shows that p62 activates mTORC1 through TRAF6.

"The mTORC1 pathway is a major complex important not only for cancer but also for metabolic homeostasis," said Diaz-Meco. "For that reason, it's very important to unravel the mechanism that controls how mTORC1 responds to the different signals."

"mTORC1 responds to many growth signals," she added, "but the specific mechanisms that channel the activation of mTORC1 by nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are still not completely understood. Our goal was to discern the specific mechanisms that regulate this important pathway."

The researchers found that TRAF6 plays a role in activating mTORC1 by molecularly modifying it in a process called ubiquitination. TRAF6, meanwhile, itself becomes activated in the presence of amino acids. "When you have a diet high in meat, the concentration of amino acids in your blood increases, and that's a way to activate this pathway," Moscat said. This can have tremendous implications not only for diabetes, but also for cancer-cell proliferation, which needs a constant supply of nutrients to grow.

More work is needed to fully understand the pathway, but the researchers next plan is to find ways to disrupt the interaction between p62 and TRAF6, with the ultimate goal of inactivating mTORC1 and therefore controlling cancer progression. "Because mTORC1 is a highly important protein that regulates growth, therapies aimed at blocking mTORC1 activation may offer a new approach to treating disease," Diaz-Meco said.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our biology / biochemistry section for the latest news on this subject.

This work was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (grants R01CA132847, R01AI072581, R01DK088107, R01CA134530M).

Juan F. Linares, Sanford-Burnham; Angeles Duran, Sanford-Burnham; Tomoko Yajima, Sanford-Burnham; Manolis Pasparakis, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne (Germany); Jorge Moscat, Sanford-Burnham; and Maria T. Diaz-Meco, Sanford-Burnham.

Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute

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5 Aug. 2013. APA
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Monday, 5 August 2013

Researchers map a new metabolic pathway that controls mTORC1 activation which is involved in cell growth

Main Category: Biology / Biochemistry
Also Included In: Cancer / Oncology;  Diabetes
Article Date: 05 Aug 2013 - 1:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Researchers map a new metabolic pathway that controls mTORC1 activation which is involved in cell growth
not yet ratednot yet rated

Deciphering the body's complex molecular pathways that lead to disease when they malfunction is highly challenging. Researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute now have a more complete picture of one particular pathway that can lead to cancer and diabetes. In the study published by Molecular Cell, the scientists uncovered how a protein called p62 has a cascade affect in regulating cell growth in response to the presence of nutrients such as amino acids and glucose. Disrupting this chain may offer a new approach to treating disease.

The protein p62 interacts with another protein called TRAF6 to activate a protein complex called mTORC1. In fact, researchers have found that mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, is highly activated in cancer cells. The pathway that controls mTORC1 activation is also important for metabolic homeostasis (i.e., stability). When the pathway malfunctions, metabolic disorders such as diabetes can result and tumors can progress.

About a year ago, Maria Diaz-Meco, Ph.D., Jorge Moscat, Ph.D., and their colleagues had identified that p62 is an important player in this complex pathway. But they didn't know how. Their new study shows that p62 activates mTORC1 through TRAF6.

"The mTORC1 pathway is a major complex important not only for cancer but also for metabolic homeostasis," said Diaz-Meco. "For that reason, it's very important to unravel the mechanism that controls how mTORC1 responds to the different signals."

"mTORC1 responds to many growth signals," she added, "but the specific mechanisms that channel the activation of mTORC1 by nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are still not completely understood. Our goal was to discern the specific mechanisms that regulate this important pathway."

The researchers found that TRAF6 plays a role in activating mTORC1 by molecularly modifying it in a process called ubiquitination. TRAF6, meanwhile, itself becomes activated in the presence of amino acids. "When you have a diet high in meat, the concentration of amino acids in your blood increases, and that's a way to activate this pathway," Moscat said. This can have tremendous implications not only for diabetes, but also for cancer-cell proliferation, which needs a constant supply of nutrients to grow.

More work is needed to fully understand the pathway, but the researchers next plan is to find ways to disrupt the interaction between p62 and TRAF6, with the ultimate goal of inactivating mTORC1 and therefore controlling cancer progression. "Because mTORC1 is a highly important protein that regulates growth, therapies aimed at blocking mTORC1 activation may offer a new approach to treating disease," Diaz-Meco said.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our biology / biochemistry section for the latest news on this subject.

This work was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (grants R01CA132847, R01AI072581, R01DK088107, R01CA134530M).

Juan F. Linares, Sanford-Burnham; Angeles Duran, Sanford-Burnham; Tomoko Yajima, Sanford-Burnham; Manolis Pasparakis, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne (Germany); Jorge Moscat, Sanford-Burnham; and Maria T. Diaz-Meco, Sanford-Burnham.

Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute

Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

MLA

Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute. "Researchers map a new metabolic pathway that controls mTORC1 activation which is involved in cell growth." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 5 Aug. 2013. Web.
5 Aug. 2013. APA
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute. (2013, August 5). "Researchers map a new metabolic pathway that controls mTORC1 activation which is involved in cell growth." Medical News Today. Retrieved from
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/264321.php.

Please note: If no author information is provided, the source is cited instead.


'Researchers map a new metabolic pathway that controls mTORC1 activation which is involved in cell growth'

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Virginia Tech researcher uses micro-fabricated blood vessels to study tumor growth and anti-angiogenic cancer therapy

Main Category: Cancer / Oncology
Also Included In: Blood / Hematology
Article Date: 02 Aug 2013 - 1:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Virginia Tech researcher uses micro-fabricated blood vessels to study tumor growth and anti-angiogenic cancer therapy
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Researchers have established a 3-D microfluidic system to study a biological process known as endothelial sprouting. This process represents an early step in new blood vessel growth called angiogenesis.

Breakthroughs in an integrated understanding of angiogenesis will benefit researchers in broad biomedical fields, including cancer, vascular science, and tissue engineering. The reason for this interest in the cancer field is that tumors must access the host blood supply to obtain nutrients essential for growth. They do this by co-opting nearby blood vessels, causing them to sprout into and vascularize the tumor bulk in angiogenesis. The progression of the tumor results in fatal cancer.

Scott Verbridge, assistant professor in the School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences at Virginia Tech, along with senior investigators at the Cornell University Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, developed the system using in vitro models, or living engineered tissues, with support from the National Cancer Institute's Physical Sciences in Oncology.

In the scientific community, relatively little is known about the integrated physico-chemical processes involved in angiogenesis. Blood vessel intrinsic processes can augment or inhibit cell sprouting initially driven by chemical signals from the tumor cells, such that drugs designed to block these tumor-derived chemical triggers may not always be effective. However tools to study these important details have been lacking.

"Angiogenesis has been extensively studied in this field and is one of the areas where innovative microenvironment-targeted therapies have actually made it to patients. However these treatments do not work nearly as well as people hoped," said Verbridge. "Developing in vitro models will help us understand the various regulators of angiogenesis, how these may influence the efficacy of current treatments, and motivate new treatment ideas."

The system uses natural tissue materials, consisting of three defined microchannels embedded in type I collagen hydrogels, designed to imitate the structural support into which new blood vessels regenerate. Two parallel side channels provide the means to create biochemical gradients that cross the endothelial cell-coated central channel.

New blood vessel sprouting transpires when gradients of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are applied across the central channel, however blood vessel geometry and density were also unexpectedly found to strongly regulate sprouting dynamics.

The results are described in a paper published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A and highlight the importance of mechanical factors, as well as biochemical ones. Verbridge's laboratory, a multidisciplinary research group collaborating with Virginia Tech labs in biomedical engineering, electrical and computer engineering, and chemical engineering; and the Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, work to develop innovative paradigms for more effective treatment of currently incurable forms of cancer. Tumor metabolism, experimental tumor evolution, energy-based cancer therapies, and graphene nano-bio interfaces are a few of the projects being pursued by lab investigators.

The College of Engineering at Virginia Tech is internationally recognized for its excellence in 14 engineering disciplines and computer science. The college's 6,000 undergraduates benefit from an innovative curriculum that provides a "hands-on, minds-on" approach to engineering education, complementing classroom instruction with two unique design-and-build facilities and a strong Cooperative Education Program. With more than 50 research centers and numerous laboratories, the college offers its 2,000 graduate students opportunities in advanced fields of study such as biomedical engineering, state-of-the-art microelectronics, and nanotechnology. Virginia Tech, the most comprehensive university in Virginia, is dedicated to quality, innovation, and results to the commonwealth, the nation, and the world.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our cancer / oncology section for the latest news on this subject.

"Physicochemical regulation of endothelial sprouting in a 3D microfluidic angiogenesis model", Scott S. Verbridge, Anirikh Chakrabarti, Peter DelNero, Brian Kwee, Jeffrey D. Varner, Abraham D. Stroock, Claudia Fischbach, Article first published online: 5 APR 2013, DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34587

Virginia Tech

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3 Aug. 2013. APA

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'Virginia Tech researcher uses micro-fabricated blood vessels to study tumor growth and anti-angiogenic cancer therapy'

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Tuesday, 30 July 2013

New understanding of actin filament growth in cells

Main Category: Biology / Biochemistry
Also Included In: Cancer / Oncology;  HIV / AIDS
Article Date: 30 Jul 2013 - 2:00 PDT Current ratings for:
New understanding of actin filament growth in cells
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University of Oregon biochemists have determined how tiny synthetic molecules disrupt an important actin-related molecular machine in cells in one study and, in a second one, the crystal structure of that machine when bound to a natural inhibitor.

The accomplishments - done in the name of fundamental understanding, or basic science - provide new windows on the complexities of cellular structure and suggest a potential future route to therapeutic targeting, said Brad J. Nolen, a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the UO, who was principal investigator on both studies.

The machinery is the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3), a large assembly of seven proteins that stick together. This complex is critical to cell motility - the ability to move and perform myriad duties - and for initializing the construction of a network of filaments known as the actin cytoskeleton that provides structural support for cells.

"In addition to cells having a lot of actin, they also have a lot of proteins that bind to actin to control its dynamics," said Nolen, who has just completed his second year as a Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences. "And that's exactly what the complex does. It binds to the side of pre-existing actin filaments, where it nucleates the growth of new filaments. The Arp2/3 complex is very highly conserved, like actin. All of your cells are chock full of actin much like a yeast cell. There are very few differences between the molecule in yeast and in human cells."

The cell loses control of the actin cytoskeleton in various diseased states, including certain viral infections, such as HIV and cancer, he said.

Nolen, also a member of the UO's Institute of Molecular Biology, began studying the Arp2/3 complex's role in cytoskeletal network formation during postdoctoral research at Yale University, where he was part of a team that in 2009 identified two distinct classes of molecules that inhibited normal activity of the machinery. The discovery, reported in the journal Nature, opened the way for exploring how the complex works.

Reporting in a recent issue of the journal Chemistry & Biology, Nolen and a team of UO researchers, in a series of biochemical, biophysical and X-ray crystallography experiments, exposed the complex to the two tiny synthetic molecules, which turned off actin-filament initiation as anticipated. More importantly, they were able to capture exactly where the molecules docked, or bound, with the much larger macromolecular Arp2/3 complex.

That binding activity, they found, was enough to block the ability of the machinery to align properly for activating filament production. "We found that these small molecules throw a monkey wrench in this macromolecular machine and lock it into the off state," Nolen said. "By locking it into the off state it prevents it from nucleating branched filaments."

What was seen in the Arp2/3 complex, Nolen said, will help to understand precisely how actin is controlled in cells. "Cell motility requires actin inside the cell to constantly be remodeled," he said. "A lot of studies are showing that the Arp2/3 complex is very important for cell motility. So if we can figure out the Arp2/3 complex works, we can better understand how it affects things like cellular motility and, therefore, how we might affect things like metastasis of tumors.

In the second paper, placed online July 28 in advance of regular publication in the journal Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Nolen and Quing Luan, a research technician in the UO's Institute of Molecular Biology, report the first crystal structure of the Arp2/3 complex while bound with a natural occurring inhibitor, glial maturation factor, known as GMF.

"We have determined the three-dimensional structure of all of the atoms that make up each of the sub-units of the Arp2/3 complex, and we've created a 3-D picture of where this regulator binds to the complex by using X-ray crystallography," Nolen said. "What this tells us is the structural basis for how GMF regulates the Arp2/3 complex. It binds to the complex and blocks the initiation of Y-shaped branches that create new filaments. It also binds to the pre-existing branches and causes them to pop off, so it is involved in the disassembly of these networks."

There is a difference, he noted, in how inhibitor molecules in the two studies worked. The synthetic versions in the first study, while binding to specific locations, did not block separate filament-building activators from also binding to the complex but instead stopped activation by locking the complex into a non-productive position. GMF while bound to the complex, on the other hand, blocked activators from also locking on.

The different results, Nolen said, could guide future efforts therapeutic delivery of molecules, or drugs, to fight disease-related scenarios in damaged cells. His lab is now working with a computational chemist on the design of molecules that might drive desired alterations in the complex and related actin regulators without unintended consequences of toxicity.

"We are pursuing the potential clinical value," Nolen said. "It's basic research with a potential long-term payoff, or it may never happen. For now what we've provided is a basic-science tool."

"Researchers at the University of Oregon continue to further our understanding of the dynamic processes that inform multi-level health and well-being," said Kimberly Andrews Espy, vice president for research and innovation and dean of the UO graduate school. "By helping to elucidate the complexities of cellular structure, Dr. Nolen's research may eventually lead to more effective targeting of tumors and other diseases."

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
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Byron Hetrick, Min Suk Han, Luke A. Helgeson, Brad J. Nolen, Small Molecules CK-666 and CK-869 Inhibit Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex by Blocking an Activating Conformational Change, Chemistry & Biology, doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.019

Co-authors with Nolen on the Chemistry & Biology paper were postdoctoral researcher Byron Hetrick and graduate students Min Suk Han and Luke Helgeson. The National Institutes of Health (RO1-GM092917 to Nolen and F32-GM097913 to Hetrick, the lead author) and American Heart Association (10SDG2610189 to Nolen) supported the research.

The NIH (RO1-GM092917) and Pew Scholars in the Biomedical Sciences program of the Pew Charitable Trusts supported Nolen for the work in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. Experiments were done at the Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy-funded facility operated by the University of Chicago.

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