Showing posts with label preference. Show all posts
Showing posts with label preference. Show all posts

Friday, 16 August 2013

Embarrassment leads to a preference for products that help people 'save face'

Main Category: Psychology / Psychiatry
Article Date: 15 Aug 2013 - 0:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Embarrassment leads to a preference for products that help people 'save face'
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People who are feeling embarrassed are more likely to choose items that hide or 'repair' the face, according to new research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. The research indicates that feelings of embarrassment can be alleviated by using so-called 'restorative' products - effectively helping people to "save face."

"Previous research on embarrassment mainly documents that embarrassed individuals are motivated to avoid public exposure," explains Ping Dong, a doctoral student at the University of Toronto and lead author of the new research. "However, little work has been done to examine how they could cope with embarrassment."

Dong and colleagues Xun (Irene) Huang of Sun Yat-Sen University and Robert S. Wyer, Jr. of the Chinese University of Hong Kong hypothesized that metaphorical reasoning - the idea of 'saving face' - might be one tool for coping with embarrassment, a common negative emotion.

In their first experiment, Dong and colleagues asked some participants to describe an embarrassing situation from their past, while others in the control group were simply asked to describe a typical day at school; later, all participants rated various pairs of sunglasses.

The findings showed that participants who relived their embarrassing experience tended to prefer large, darkly-tinted sunglasses. In effect, they favored the options that covered up their faces.

In another experiment, embarrassed participants expressed greater interest in sunglasses and restorative face creams - products that would conceal or cover the faces - than in scarves or shoes.

Additional research revealed that participants who actually used the 'restorative' facial cream after re-experiencing an embarrassing moment reported lower embarrassment ratings, and they were more likely to seek out social interaction. Wearing sunglasses, however, did not seem to alleviate feelings of embarrassment.

"Although embarrassment leads people both to hide their face and to restore their face, only by restoring their face can their embarrassment be decreased, as evidenced in their greater desire to participate in social activities," Dong explains. "It is interesting to speculate that people who wear cosmetics on a daily basis may be more tolerant of potentially embarrassing behavior."

The findings highlight the unconscious influence that metaphorical thinking can have on everyday behaviors, but Dong notes that this influence may depend on cultural differences not examined in the present studies given that all participants were Hong Kong Chinese.

"The metaphorical concept of 'hiding one's face' is fairly widespread, but the concepts of 'losing face' and 'saving face' are more pervasive in Asian than in Western cultures," she observes. "Although the effects of embarrassment on symbolically hiding one's face are likely to generalize to Western cultures, the effect of symbolically restoring one's face might not."

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
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This research was supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong.

Association for Psychological Science

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'Embarrassment leads to a preference for products that help people 'save face''

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Monday, 5 August 2013

Taste preference changes in different life stages of rats

Main Category: Seniors / Aging
Also Included In: Nutrition / Diet
Article Date: 02 Aug 2013 - 0:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Taste preference changes in different life stages of rats
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Research to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior (SSIB), the foremost society for research into all aspects of eating and drinking behavior, found that aging elicits changes in taste preferences and that such changes appear to be independent of taste nerve activity.

In humans and animals aging decreases dietary and energy requirements and it is generally believed that reduced consumption is related to alterations in taste preference. However, the mechanisms underlying an age-induced shift in taste preference remain unclear. Thus, the researchers investigated differences in fluid intake and taste nerve responses across different age groups of rats.

The researchers initially measured the intake of sweet, salty, umami, sour or bitter taste solutions in 5 age groups; juvenile, young-adult, adult, middle-aged and old-aged male rats. The result showed that older animals exhibit a decreased preference for sweet and umami taste and a reduced aversion to bitter taste.

Additional behavioral studies examined whether aging alters taste thresholds by measuring the consumption of simultaneously presented high- and low-concentrated taste solutions. This work revealed that taste sensitivity is lower in older rats.

To elucidate the neural mechanisms of such age-related changes in taste preference and sensitivity, electrophysiological experiments examined taste response characteristics of chorda tympani nerves. These nerves mediate gustatory information from the tongue to the brainstem. The researchers observed no significant differences in activity of the chorda tympani nerves by taste stimuli across the different age groups.

Overall, these behavioral and electrophysiological studies demonstrate that age-related changes in taste preference and sensitivity are independent of the peripheral gustatory system.

The lead author of the study, Chizuko Inui-Yamamoto, Ph.D. states, "To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a reduced aversion to bitter taste in aged rats." She comments, "We had expected that these changes were due to the peripheral taste system." However, differences in electrophysiological recording of taste responses of the chorda tympani nerves across age groups were not observed. "Our studies showed that aging elicited no changes in transmission of taste information from the tongue to the central nervous system. Thus, our future work will investigate the role of the central nervous system in mediating age-induced changes in taste preference", says Inui-Yamamoto.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our seniors / aging section for the latest news on this subject.

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), Grant Number 23792136.

Lead Author: Chizuko Inui-Yamamoto, Dept. of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University

Co-Authors: Takashi Yamamoto, Katsura Ueda, Michiko Nakatsuka, Chunying An, Shunji Kumabe, Yasutomo Iwai

Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior

Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. "Taste preference changes in different life stages of rats." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 2 Aug. 2013. Web.
3 Aug. 2013. APA

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'Taste preference changes in different life stages of rats'

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View the original article here